![]() ![]() Mainstream sampling sensor systems are electronically complex with the optical sensor being located at the ET tube adapter. ![]() This technology is mechanically complex, expensive to maintain (requires a vacuum pump, dehumidification, and real time measurement of pressure drops in the system), and causes waste gas pollution. Side-stream sampling sensor systems are continuously drawing gas via a length of small tube from the airway (ET tube adapter) to an infrared spectrometer located in a distant monitor. Physical signs of high CO 2 include high HR, RR, BP and injected, pink mm's. ETCO 2 values (mm Hg) during anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation Monitors display the peak ETCO 2 value, respiratory rate, and usually inspired CO 2 value. D = the next inspiration - inspired gas should not contain CO 2. ![]() An alveolar gas "plateau" may not be obtained in animals with small tidal volumes (e.g., cats). This should correspond to the arterial PaCO 2 in animals that don't have lung disease. A continuous wave form can be generated which will demonstrate three phases of expiration during each respiratory cycle: A = dead space gas with no CO 2 B = mixed gas with rising CO 2 C = alveolar gas with a CO 2 plateau from which the ETCO 2 peak value is read. End tidal CO 2 (ETCO 2) monitors continuously sample gas at the endotracheal connector and measure the CO 2 partial pressure using proportional absorption of infra-red light. Some apparatus dead space may actually reduce total dead space, as an ETT bypasses the majority of anatomical dead space of the patient (nasopharynx).ĭead space from the patient.Methodology: As anaesthetic depth increases, ventilatory function (minute ventilation = respiratory rate x tidal volume) decreases and therefore CO 2 increases in a dose-dependent fashion. Types of Dead Spaceĭead space from equipment, such as tubes ventilator circuitry. ![]() Glomerular Filtration and Tubular Functionĭead space is the proportion of minute ventilation which does not participate in gas exchange. Functional Anatomy and Control of Blood Flow ![]()
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